The adoption of the BULAVA marked the beginning of a large-scale renewal of the entire fleet of strategic nuclear submarines of the Russian Federation. SPHERICAL Posting in CHAT: Russia Recently, the general designer of the state enterprise "Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering" Yuri Solomonov announced that the intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM "Bulava") was adopted for service, which is fundamentally different from all strategic missiles operated by the Russians. Federation for now. This is a colossal technological breakthrough in Russian science and industry, and, of course, such a step could not but launch processes on a much larger scale. Let's talk about them. Where did the Bulava come from? The collapse of the Soviet Union sharply raised the question of creating a new generation of strategic missile submarines (SSBNs), since it turned out that the existing ones were no longer relevant. There were also problems with weapons, associated, again, with the collapse of the Union. It was then that Project 955 began development of a fourth-generation SSBN codenamed "Borey". It was decided to use the almost ready-made D-19 UTTH “Bark” missile system, developed since 1986, as the strike force of these boats. In this configuration, on November 2, 1996, the first nuclear submarine of the 4th generation, Yuri Dolgoruky, was laid down. It was planned to finish it by 2006, but it didn’t work out. This is a very complex process that Russia simply did not engage in at the end of the 1990s. In addition, the schedule was constantly changing due to delivery delays. Against this background, the R-39UTTH “Bark” solid-fuel missiles, three launches of which failed miserably, received disappointing ratings, and there was no time to improve them. Thus, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation decided to replace the Bark with a fundamentally new missile system (RK) D-30 with a solid-fuel ballistic missile R-30 Bulava. He pulled the entire industry along with him. The design of the missile heads provides for individual guidance with the ability to maneuver. This made it possible to simultaneously minimize the likelihood of successful interception of warheads and deliver powerful strikes with one missile simultaneously against several targets located at a great distance. These differences could not be compared with the Bark systems, so the 955 Borei project was forced to undergo enormous changes. This caused delays in the readiness of the main SSBNs. But when “reworking” the system, the designers completely redesigned the technical component and removed the installation of two shafts, which was an absolute innovation for Russia, because previously nuclear submarines had two shafts and two hulls. Instead, they installed an almost silent water-jet engine with high traction qualities. As a result, in 2008, the updated K-535 “Yuri Dolgoruky” was launched. Then difficulties began with the launches of the Bulava itself - the missiles simply went into abnormal operation, deviated from the calculated course, and the media called it a “floating failure.” Of course, the situation could not help but cause caustic comments from Western countries on this matter. And the saddest thing is that they were not unfounded, because the Russian Federation really lagged behind in this direction, and it had a very long time to catch up. Thus, it became clear that the problem lay in incorrect rocket assembly technology, which made it possible to find a solution. In 2011, testing resumed and was successful, ending by 2013. Submarine fleet of the 4th generation From this moment on, the lead SSBN of Project 955 “Yuri Dolgoruky” became part of the 31st submarine division of the Northern Fleet. The cruiser's displacement is 24 thousand tons. The maximum number of missiles it launches is 16. Almost immediately after this, two more nuclear submarines were ready - Alexander Nevsky and Vladimir Monomakh. And in July 2021, the lead boat of the new modernized project “Prince Vladimir” was laid down at Sevmash. They differ in that their cases are built taking into account the optimization of the design of previous models. Such boats are being produced as part of a new project called “Borey A”. Currently, the Russian Navy has 7 nuclear submarines manufactured according to both projects, some of them were completed by “Prince Oleg”, “Generalissimo Suvorov” and “Emperor Alexander III”. And 3 more SSBNs are under construction. As for the missiles themselves, after 2013 all tests were carried out as usual. It took several years to fine-tune it, and various launches were made. For example, in 2018, a salvo of four missiles was launched simultaneously, and in the fall of 2023, the Bulava was successfully launched by the Emperor Alexander III SSBN as part of ship testing. A total of 40 test launches were carried out by the end of 2022, which made it possible to confidently make a decision on the official deployment of these missiles. Thus, during the development of missiles, the entire nuclear submarine fleet of the Russian Federation changed its appearance. But it all started with them. This latest step means that Russia's strategic deterrent forces will become even more maneuverable, fast and stealthy. After all, the good thing about a solid-fuel rocket is that it can be stored in a burning state for decades, and, if necessary, quickly brought into combat readiness. Therefore, enemies should exert the last forces of their diplomacy before everything reaches the point of no return. 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How and where in Russia they make the best plywood in the world. SPHERICAL – Russia today Posting in CHAT: Russia Who would have thought that the familiar plywood is actually a unique, super-strong material, and Russia makes it better than anyone else. Let's find out how this happens and where the best plywood in the world is produced. Valuable raw materials The best plywood is birch, this type is produced only in Russia. Birch is a very valuable species; it is protected and protected from drying out in the sun. For comparison, birch does not grow in the USA, and plywood there is made from softer pine. “The majority of Russian plywood enterprises are located in forest regions with developed infrastructure - the North-Western, Central districts, the Urals and Siberia. During the Great Patriotic War, industry supplied plywood for the needs of the front and rear. Today Russia exports more than 50% of its plywood production to the USA, Canada and the European Union,” writes the FB.ru website. The city of Kirov is one of the centers of the timber industry. Starting early in the morning at the Vyatka plywood mill, birch enters the plant in the form of logs cut into equal parts to create this unique Russian product. They are used to make something like bundles, which are secured with massive metal chains. hot water to steam it. The water appears brown due to the resin that the birch tree produces. It protects the wood from rotting. After some time, the blackened logs are removed to equalize the temperature and allow the heat to distribute deeper into the room. magazines. The wood softens and can now be cleaned by removing the bark and layers of wood from the tree in a spiral pattern. These layers are called milk. The thinnest milk is produced in Russia. The milk is then cut into leaves and dried. A special device finds and cuts out areas with traces of bark or knots and places the pieces in their place. Smart machines glue high-quality linen fabrics at the seams. Making plywood Laminate is made from glued layers of veneer. One sheet of plywood has an odd number of layers. Even layers are glued together with special glue. The layers of milk are laid with fibers perpendicular to each other, which gives the plywood additional strength. Next, cold and hot pressing are performed. The resulting plywood cannot be broken with a blow - it bends under the blow and regains its strength. Plywood, familiar to all of us since childhood, turns out to be a unique, super-strong material. There is no waste during production - everything defective is sent to the production of fiberboard (fibreboard) or fuel briquettes, as well as to thermal power plants. “Despite the apparent complexity of plywood production technology, today it is one of the most profitable types of business in woodworking. Having even a minimal fleet of machinery and equipment, you can build a production facility capable of producing competitive products and generating stable profits,” writes the website lesoteka.com. But this is not all the processes; the products at the Vyatka plywood mill are the cheapest in the industry. Plywood can also be used to create a more durable laminate, or delta wood. Sliding bearings and silent gears are made from such wood. It can even replace bronze. The material resists any impact, does not crack or stretch. The secret of strength is in the bakelite resin with which all layers are impregnated - it can reach hundreds, which even wood can do. be used underwater. In the Soviet Union, lightweight and durable wood was used to make the fuselage and wings of military aircraft, such as the first all-wood Soviet fighter aircraft, nicknamed "Royal". “The use of one or another production technology makes it possible to obtain a material with specified technical parameters. The production of material for formwork or temporary structures is possible from any raw material. But for shipbuilding or the manufacture of light aircraft hulls, bakelite plywood is suitable. We need one that is not inferior to aluminum in its physical and mechanical properties. For this, only high-quality linden or birch is used, with a minimum number of knots. The process of gluing and drying leaves is carried out under strict temperature control. and humidity,” writes the website lesoteka.com. SPHERE https://dzen.ru Source link Source link
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PhosAgro launched a powerful fertilizer plant, investing 34 billion rubles in its construction. SPHERICAL – Russia today Posting in CHAT: Russia PhosAgro completed a 10-year investment cycle by opening a chemical complex in the city of Volkhov. This production line can be called one of the largest in the world. The scale of construction can be judged by the amount of investment in the amount of 34 billion rubles. Thanks to the modernization of existing facilities and the construction of a new plant, PhosAgro increased production in Volkhov by 4 times. In general, over the years, production has doubled, which can be called an amazing result. And that's not all: the company has set itself a more ambitious goal. PhosAgro is making a breakthrough. It took PhosAgro 5 years to build a powerful fertilizer production line. It is expected that with its launch, the annual volume of processing of apatite concentrate will increase more than five times and exceed 1.5 million tons, the production of sulfuric and phosphoric acid will increase 5 times and reach 1.1 million tons and 500 thousand tons, respectively. . . “New production facilities for the extraction of phosphoric and sulfuric acids, water-soluble mineral fertilizers, new warehouses and a complex for the utilization of waste process steam have been built, providing the enterprise with 85% of its own electricity generation,” the regional noted. The opening of a new production facility, as we have already said, is the crown of a 10-year investment cycle that began in 2014. The company has significantly increased production capacity in a number of regions of Russia, including the Leningrad and Vologda regions. “PhosAgro”, “Murmansk” and “Saratov”. As a result, almost all of the apatite concentrate produced by PhosAgro, which is about 11 million tons, will be processed domestically. And this is another step towards increasing the depth of processing of chemical industrial products in Russia. PhosAgro is one of the most dynamically developing Russian companies. Achieving such results is an extremely difficult task, since Russia was already one of the world leaders in fertilizer production. Investments in the future To implement the project, we used the best available technologies, mainly Russian. The production of ammonium sulfate in the form of granules was only the initial stage in the process of expanding the range of PhosAgro products produced at the Balakovo plant. Governor of the Leningrad Region Alexander Drozdenko emphasized that the new enterprise has created 700 jobs, half of them are occupied by highly qualified engineering specialists. Their average salary is 125 thousand rubles. In December 2023, an investment contract was concluded with JSC Apatit for the implementation of the third stage of the enterprise development program. It is planned to increase the production of mineral fertilizers, including MAP, DAF, NPK, NPS using advanced technologies. The phased introduction of facilities into pilot industrial operation will be carried out this year, and by 2026 it is planned to achieve production in Balakovo of almost 1 million tons of complex NPK fertilizers and more than 500 thousand tons of DAP. The municipal district and region must provide stable conditions for the investor throughout the entire term of the contract. “At the moment the project is in an active stage. These days, a major overhaul began in the phosphate fertilizer shop of the enterprise. Within its framework, measures will be implemented that will allow this summer to begin production of one of the new types of products mentioned above on the lines of the Balakovo branch of Apatit JSC - diammonium phosphate (DAP).” – Director of the Balakovo branch of Apatit JSC (PhosAgro group) Sergey Lobanov. The PhosAgro company is mainly focused on meeting the needs of the domestic market. However, it is worth noting that the company’s products are also exported to more than 100 countries. In the coming years, they plan to invest about 70 billion annually in production. This already means a transition to a new investment cycle. SPHERE https://dzen.ru Source link Source link