Where did the Tatar-Mongols disappear to? – Russia today Publication in CHAT: Russia The Tatar-Mongols created the largest empire in history. Their state stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the Black Sea. But where did the people who ruled a quarter of the earth go, the Mongols or the Tatars? No historian will tell you with certainty who should come first in this word. Since the Mongol-Tatars never existed, in the 14th century the Mongols, having conquered the lands of the Kipchaks (Polovtsians) and Russians, began to mix with the Kipchaks, a nomadic people of Turkic origin. The Polovtsians outnumbered the foreign Mongols, and despite their political dominance, the Mongols dissolved into the culture and language of the people they conquered: “They all began to resemble the Kipchaks, as if they belonged to the same clan, for the Mongols, having settled in the land of the Kipchaks, married and remained to live on their own land,” wrote one Arab historian. In Russia and Europe in the 13th-14th centuries, all nomadic neighbors of the Mongol Empire, including the Polovtsians, were called Tatars. After the devastating campaigns of the Mongols, the word "Tatars" (in Latin - Tartars) became a kind of metaphor: foreign "Tatars", who attacked their enemies with lightning speed, were supposedly the creation of hell - the Mongols were called first. with "people of hell", then with the Kipchaks, with whom they assimilated. In the 19th century, Russian historical science decided that "Tatars" were Turks fighting on the side of the Mongols. This is how a curious and tautological term was created, representing a fusion of two names of the same people and literally meaning "Mongol-Mongol". The word order was determined by political considerations: after the formation of the Soviet Union, it was decided that the term "Tatar-Mongol yoke" was too radicalizing the relations between the Russians and the Tatars, and it was decided to "hide" them behind the Mongols, who were not part of the Great Empire. The Mongol ruler Temujin managed to win the internecine wars. In 1206, he took the name of Genghis Khan and was proclaimed the Great Mongol Khan, uniting the disparate clans. He reviewed the army, dividing the soldiers into tens of thousands, thousands, hundreds and tens, and organized elite units. The famous Mongol cavalry could move faster than any other branch of the military in the world - it covered up to 80 kilometers per day. Over the course of many years, the Mongol army destroyed many cities and villages that came. Soon the Mongol Empire included Northern China and India, Central Asia, and then parts of the territories of Northern Iran, the Caucasus, Rus'... The empire stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea. The collapse of the largest state in Rus'. world conquests of the vanguard units reached Italy and Vienna, but on a full scale The invasion of Western Europe never took place: Genghis Khan's grandson Batu, having learned of the death of the Great Khan, returned with his entire army back to choose. a new head of the empire. Even during his lifetime, Genghis Khan divided his colossal lands into uluses between his sons. After his death in 1227, the largest empire in the world arose, occupying up to 38 million square meters. kilometers of land (a quarter of the entire land and a third of the entire population of the Earth), forty years in a row remained united, but soon began to divide. The uluses separated from each other, and the independent Yuan Empire, the Hulaguids state, the Blue and White Hordes emerged. The Mongol Empire was destroyed by administrative problems, internal power struggles and the inability to control the huge population of the state (about 160 million people. Another problem, perhaps the most fundamental, was the motley national composition of the empire). The fact is that the Mongols did not dominate their state either culturally or numerically. Developed militarily, famous horsemen and masters of intrigue, the Mongols were unable to preserve their national identity as dominant. The conquered peoples actively dissolved the Mongol conquerors in themselves, and when assimilation became noticeable, the country turned into fragmented territories, in which, as before, different peoples lived, who never became a single nation. The Empire of the 14th Century They tried to recreate it as a conglomerate of independent states under the leadership of the Great Khan, but it did not last long. In 1368, the Red Turban Rebellion took place in China, as a result of which the empire disappeared. Only a century later, in 1480, the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia was finally lifted. Disintegration Despite the fact that the empire had already disintegrated into several states, each of them continued to fragment. This especially affected the Golden Horde - over twenty years, more than twenty-five khans changed there, and some uluses wanted to gain independence. This time was used to their advantage by the princes of Rus' - it was then, taking advantage of the confusion. internal wars of the Golden Horde, Ivan Kalita expanded his possessions, and Dmitry Donskoy defeated Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo. In the 15th century, the Golden Horde finally disintegrated into the Crimean, Astrakhan, Kazan, Nozhsk and Siberian khanates. The successor of the Golden Horde was the Great Horde, which was also torn apart by civil unrest and wars with its neighbors. In 1502, the Crimean Khanate captured the Volga region, as a result of which the Great Horde ceased to exist. The remaining lands were divided between other fragments of the Golden Horde. Where did the Mongols go? First of all, the Mongols were culturally absorbed by other peoples, since they were no more developed than the peoples they conquered. In addition, the Mongols took cultural and religious policy lightly. In addition, the Mongols did not constitute a majority in military terms. American historian R. Pipes writes about the size of the army of the Mongol Empire: "The army that conquered Rus' was led by Mongols, but its ranks consisted mainly of people of Turkic origin, commonly known as Tatars." The Mongols were finally displaced by other ethnic groups, and their remains mixed with the local population. As for the Tatar component of the incorrect term “Tatar-Mongols” – many peoples who lived on the lands of Asia before the arrival of the Mongols, called “Tatars” by Europeans, continued to live there after the collapse of the empire, which does not mean that the nomadic Mongolian warriors disappeared forever. After the collapse of the empire of Genghis Khan, a new Mongolian state emerged – the Yuan Empire. Its capitals were Beijing and Shangdu, and during the wars the empire subjugated the territory of modern Mongolia. Some of the Mongols were subsequently expelled from China to the north, where they settled in the territories of modern Inner (part of the autonomous region of China) and Outer Mongolia. Source link Source link
